Resumo Nanopartículas (NPs) são partículas insolúveis com diâmetro inferior a 100 nanômetros. Dois métodos principais têm sido utilizados na terapia ortodôntica para evitar a aderência microbiana ou a desmineralização do esmalte: NPs são incluídas em adesivos ortodônticos ou resinas acrílicas (fluoro-hidroxiapatita, fluorapatita, hidroxiapatita, SiO2, TiO2, prata, nanopreenchimentos) e NPs são revestidas nas superfícies de equipamentos ortodônticos, ou seja, uma camada fina de TiO2 dopado com nitrogênio nas superfícies do braquete. Embora o uso de NPs em ortodontia possa tornar acessível modernos recursos, pesquisas anteriores analisaram as características antibacterianas ou físicas por um período limitado de tempo, variando de 24 horas a várias semanas, por isso devem ser compreendidos os limites dos estudos in vitro. A eficácia de longo prazo de materiais ortodônticos com base em nanotecnologia ainda não foi confirmada de forma conclusiva, o que exige mais estudos, bem como potenciais preocupações de segurança (efeitos tóxicos) associadas ao tamanho da NP.

Abstract Nanoparticles (NPs) are insoluble particles with a diameter of fewer than 100 nanometers. Two main methods have been utilized in orthodontic therapy to avoid microbial adherence or enamel demineralization. Certain NPs are included in orthodontic adhesives or acrylic resins (fluorohydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, hydroxyapatite, SiO2, TiO2, silver, nanofillers), and NPs (i.e., a thin layer of nitrogen-doped TiO2 on the bracket surfaces) are coated on the surfaces of orthodontic equipment. Although using NPs in orthodontics may open up modern facilities, prior research looked at antibacterial or physical characteristics for a limited period of time, ranging from one day to several weeks, and the limits of in vitro studies must be understood. The long-term effectiveness of nanotechnology-based orthodontic materials has not yet been conclusively confirmed and needs further study, as well as potential safety concerns (toxic effects) associated with NP size.

Abstract High hydrostatic pressure technology is a relatively new method for the food industry and is considered more as an alternative to traditional storage methods such as thermal processes. Inactivation of spores, models, yeasts, and viruses has been demonstrated by this method. Although issues related to the safety and longevity of food, as well as their legal permits, require extensive case studies, the available experimental findings can be useful in expanding the potential applications of high pressure in the food industry. In this paper, CO2 is used as a fluid. Increasing the pressure in Weibull and log-logistic models from 2.5 MPa to 10 MPa has reduced the processing time from 700 minutes to 70 and 60 minutes, respectively. The log-logistic model in predicting the process of inactivation of microbes compared to the Weibull model has been the lowest, and also the log-logistic model has a suitable ability to predict the shoulder of the chart if the Weibull model does not have this ability and its error is almost high. Increasing the increase in pressure has increased the level of inactivation of Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes, except Listeria monocytogenes at a pressure of 6.05 MPa, which reduced inactivation.

Abstract In recent years, the emerging livestock and poultry business has encountered several obstacles in producing healthy and safe products for human consumption while also providing quality and nutritious food for animals. The presence of fungal toxins and fungi in raw materials is the most significant difficulty in supplying food for livestock and poultry, since mycotoxins can reduce output and lower product quality. Also, their residues in the final products (milk, meat, eggs) can transmit their adverse effects to humans. Fungal toxins are produced as a result of the activity of fungi during their growth process, which is called Mycotoxins. Many fungal toxins have been identified to date, including Aflatoxins, Ziralenone, Fumonisins, and Ochratoxins. Aflatoxins contaminate foods, feeds, and other raw materials involved in their production, posing a serious health risk to humans, including carcinogenesis and severe toxicity. Environmental factors affect the production process of Mycotoxins, which depends on the geographical location, agricultural method, sensitivity of agricultural products, etc. Another important point is that some mycotoxins can be used as bioterrorism weapons. Exposure to Mycotoxins can have a wide range of detrimental biological effects, including bleeding, hepatotoxicity, renal toxicity, neurotoxicity, estrogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. Because of the importance of the subject, in the current study, it was tried to review the role of Mycotoxins in potential hazards associated with animal products for humans.

Abstract Aiming at the problem that it is difficult to achieve rapid and accurate detection of pesticide residues, the artificial neural network method is used to separate the mixed fluorescence spectra in the measurement of acetamiprid pesticide residues, and a fluorescence spectrum that can quickly detect the pesticide residues of acetamiprid on solid surfaces is designed. According to the back-propagation algorithm, the three-layer artificial neural network principle is used to detect the acetamiprid residue in the mixed system of acetamiprid and filter paper with severely overlapping fluorescence spectra. In the range of 340nm~400nm, using the fluorescence intensity values at 20 characteristic wavelengths as the characteristic network parameters, after network training and testing, the recovery rates of acetamiprid concentrations of 40mg/kg and 90mg/kg are 102% and 97%, respectively. The relative standard deviations of the determination results were 1.4% and 1.9%, respectively. The experimental results show that the BP neural network-assisted fluorescence spectroscopy method for the determination of acetamiprid pesticide residues on filter paper has the characteristics of fast network training, short detection period, and high measurement accuracy.

Abstract One way to use food industry wastes is to feed the livestock and poultry. Applying appropriate management methods for the optimal use of agricultural waste in the preparation of livestock and poultry feed increases productivity and reduces damage to agricultural and conversion industries and the use of new resources in animal and poultry feed. In this paper, in order to investigate the possibility of recycling food waste as poultry feed, the waste produced in a restaurant has been used. The parameters of fat percentage were measured using Soxhlet extractor, percentage of dry matter using the oven, percentage of protein in it using Kjeldahl method, and also the percentage of calcium and phosphorus with the standard beard. Comparing them with the usual diet used in poultry feed shows that the average values of calcium, protein, and fat content of food waste are 0.14%, 5.65%, 7.34% higher than the average diet of poultry, respectively. Also, the average amount of phosphorus and dry matter of food waste is 0.48% and 60% less than the average diet of poultry, respectively.

Abstract Due to the high capacity of food factories, a lot of waste is generated. Due to the presence of nutrients in them can increase pollution in the sewerage network and cause environmental problems. To animal feed, grain waste can be used to produce fertilizer, compost, fuel, soil cover, etc. The natural pigment lycopene, thickeners, proteins, etc., can be produced from the seeds and skin of the tomato paste factory waste. In the present paper, soybean oil residue was used to remove cadmium, zinc, and lead ions from aqueous solutions. Discontinuous experiments to investigate the effect of initial concentration (100-300 ppm), solution pH (1-5), contact time (1-60 min), adsorbent amount (0.02-2 g) on the uptake of cadmium, zinc, and lead ions by soybean oil residues. The results showed that with increasing the pH, the value of the contact time, the amount of adsorbent, and the adsorption rate increases with increasing the initial concentration of metal ions, the adsorption rate decreases. According to the results, the best pH for adsorption of metal ions is about 3-5, and the equilibrium time for cadmium ions is 40 minutes, for zinc ions is 20 minutes, and for lead, the ion is 10 minutes.

Abstract Yeasts are widely used as cellular factors in the production of bread and, more recently, various metabolic products such as vitamins, ethanol, citric acid, and lipids. Lipids synthesized by microorganisms are used in the pharmaceutical industry for technical purposes or as feed. The ability of the superior microorganism to grow on the xylose and the amount of fat production in this area were measured under optimal conditions. Xylose is one of the most abundant 5-carbon sugars in nature, and microorganisms that can grow on it are important. In this paper, the effect of different values of ammonium sulfate concentration, glucose concentration, temperature, aeration, incubation time, and pH are investigated. The results showed that with increasing ammonium sulfate concentration, glucose concentration, Incubation time, and pH, values of production of lipids, dry biomass, and percentage of lipid production by dry weight increased. Also, increasing the values of temperature and aeration has reduced the mentioned values. Finally, it can be said that the values for the studied parameters are: Concentration 1 g/L for ammonium sulfate, concentration 100 g/L for glucose, temperature 2 °C, aeration 150 rpm, incubation time 72 h, and pH equal to 6.5.

Abstract The development of the food industry, along with the protection of water and energy resources, is crucial for sustainable economic growth and human well-being. Water, energy and food nexus approaches can help reduce food waste and other resources by adopting policies and regulations based on comprehensive information and Nexus that promote the use of more efficient production technologies in terms of water and energy consumption against food waste. This paper aims to identify the potential of integrated management of food industry, water and energy in Sulaimaniyah. In this paper, the WEAP planning system, as well as Excel software, have been used. Also, five scenarios were proposed that predicted the level of food demand and shortage of water and energy resources from 2021 to 2025. Considering the simultaneous development of food industry and agriculture, scenario 5 was selected as the best scenario. In this scenario, simultaneous management of water and energy demand is also considered to increase food production. In scenario 5, the amount of water supply is 94.85%, which indicates that it is more effective than in scenarios 3 and 4. Also, in scenario 5, with the increase in surface water use and full use of electric pumps instead of diesel, the amount of energy required to pump water from the aquifer is 55% and 49% less than in scenarios 3 and 4 respectively.

Abstract The agricultural sector in the country has a high and growing status and importance, but the growth and development of this sector are not possible without proper and effective risk management. In the current study, using the Monte Carlo simulation method as one of the powerful tools in risk analysis, the production risk due to the effects of climate change on the dominant agricultural products of Plovdiv, Bulgaria in the period 1990-2017, is predicted and measured. The results showed that Lentils has the highest risk (Product risk index was -0.25%) and bean has the lowest risk (Product risk index was 0.17%). Overall, the research results indicate the significant effect of performance risk in this region. Therefore, farmers should pay special attention to the risk of crop performance in determining their cultivation pattern in addition to other factors and criteria such as price, profitability, self-consumption, etc. Meanwhile, it is suggested that products with higher risk should not be grown alone and should be placed next to the other products with less risk as much as possible to increase food security.

Lifestyles are evidence for the influence of systems, cultures and civilisations within various societies. In view of that, all systems of thought aim to maintain certain ways of living in citizens to implement their ideals. Furthermore, if societies do not accept the lifestyles introduced by such systems, their intellectual foundations and values are rejected. In this regard, the Islamic lifestyle does not imply giving up all pleasures and blessings, but it takes on a divine colour to all pleasures. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between religious lifestyle and social health among 1000 Muslim teachers working in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, over a period of six months, in 2020-21. Utilising the simple random sampling method, 278 teachers were thus selected as the statistical sample and then completed some questionnaires on Islamic lifestyle and social health. Data analysis was also performed using the structural equation modeling (SEM) in the Linear Structural Relations (LISREL) statistical software package. The results demonstrated a significant positive correlation between Islamic lifestyle and social health (p = 0.58, t = 6.84). CONTRIBUTION: The study results showed the importance of Islamic lifestyle in improving teachers' social health.

Muslim scholars have defined ethics as enduring traits and characteristics in the individual that cause actions appropriate to those traits to be issued spontaneously without the need for human thought and reflection. Islamic ethics state the rightness or wrongness of these attributes within the framework of Islamic concepts, while the concepts of Islamic work ethics deal with the functioning of the framework of Islamic concepts in the form of human work activities in various organisations. Furthermore, work ethics can be effective in the organisation when it can shape the culture of the organisation. Research shows that Islamic work ethics have a significant relationship with various individual, professional and organisational factors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between Islamic work ethics and organisational culture. The statistical population of this research consists of 1500 Muslim staff of 30 service organisations (financial, educational, medical and hotel organisations) in Moscow, Russia, in 2021, of which 306 people have been selected as statistical samples using Krejcie and Morgan's sample size table. Data analyses were performed by statistical software, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results of this study confirm the significant and positive relationship between Islamic work ethics and organisational culture among the Muslim Russian staff (β = 0.53; T = −8.65). CONTRIBUTION: This study examines the relationship between Islamic work ethics and organisational culture in Russia and has expanded the results of previous studies conducted in other contexts

Islamic values are among the topics that are considered by people in an Islamic society in human and organisational life and paying attention to them can have positive consequences for the individual and the organisation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Islamic values on citizenship behaviours of Muslim citizens. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of this research includes 2600 Muslim employees of 45 manufacturing Indonesian organisations in 2021. The sample size was estimated to be 335 by simple random sampling. The data collection tool of this study is a questionnaire. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis and reliability by Cronbach's alpha coefficient; further, data analysis was performed using linear structural relationships (LISREL) software. The results of structural equations modeling showed that Islamic values have a positive and significant effect on citizenship behaviours of Muslim citizens (p = 0.78; T-Value= 8.62). CONTRIBUTION: The results showed that paying attention to Islamic values in the organisation contributes to citizenship behaviours of people. Therefore, it is suggested that Islamic values be the basis of staff activities and employees who are more committed to these values in the organisation should be encouraged by the management of organisations

Abstract Today, the vermicompost production process is considered one of the most economically, hygienically, and environmentally friendly methods for the stabilization of organic waste. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of food waste preparation time without initial modification and without continuous aeration on the vermicompost process before feeding the worms with organic waste material in order to pass the calorific stage of decomposition of organic matter and not to damage the worms that are sensitive to high temperatures, and the process of fertilizer production is faster, organic matter is composted for a while without the presence of worms. In this paper, four periods, including 0, 7, 14, and 21 days of waste preparation, were examined. The results showed that the difference in ratio between different preparation times was significant 7-14 days the most suitable time for waste preparation without initial modification was obtained.

Abstract Garlic is a plant that is native to Central Asia and belongs to the Alliaceae family. When garlic bulbs are crushed, they release a sulfoxide molecule called alliin, which is the precursor to the garlic's distinctive scent and flavor. Fresh garlic and its essential oil are used in the food sector as natural antioxidant agents, flavorings, and antimicrobials, notably in processed chicken and meat products. In this research, on a number of pathogenic strains, the garlic essential oil’s antibacterial activity was investigated in vitro using minimum bactericidal concentration, minimum inhibitory concentration, and the disk diffusion technique. Gas chromatography was used to identify the garlic essential oil’s chemical components. Aluminum chloride colorimetric, Folin-Ciocalteu, and radical reduction capacity methods were used to measure flavonoid, total phenol, and antioxidant content. It was shown that the most resistant to essential garlic oil were gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The mixture of diallyl disulfide was 40.3% greater, according to the results of the chemical compound identification of essential garlic oil. Antioxidant activity, flavonoids, and total phenol of essential garlic oil were 80%, 0.24 mg quercetin in grams, and 0.33 mg gallic acid in gram, respectively. The findings of this investigation revealed that garlic might be exploited as a source of medicinal chemicals.

Abstract Antioxidants are the body's defense system against the damage caused by reactive oxygen species, formed naturally during many physiological activities. In vegetables and fruits, various antioxidant compounds such as vitamin C, polyphenols, flavonoids, and carotenoids have been identified. Because fruits and vegetables are the primary antioxidant sources in our daily diet, it is necessary to determine their antioxidant capacity. Citrus fruit consumption per capita has steadily increased over the world over the last 30 years. Citrus fruits are high in vitamin C as well as other active ingredients like phenols and flavonoids that are beneficial to human health. Using carotenoid complement and pigmentation genetic diversity, the objective of this research was to see how vitamin C and carotenoids contributed to the capacity of hydrophilic antioxidants of the citrus fruits’ pulp. Six citrus cultivars were chosen for this purpose: two sweet orange genotypes, Valencia Ruby and Valencia Late; two grapefruit genotypes, Star Ruby and Marsh; and two mandarin genotypes, Nadorcott and Clemenules. In proportion to their color singularity, total carotenoid composition and content in fruit pulp differed dramatically. A good and clear connection was found between hydrophilic antioxidant capacity and vitamin C concentration in the pulp of various fruit species, as measured by DPPH and ABTS tests. The proportion of vitamin C to the total HAC was calculated to be between 15% and 30%.